In the past, most philosophers assumed that the central notion of rationality was a normative or evaluative concept: to think rationally is to think correctly or, in other words, to think as one ought to think. Rational thinking is, in a sense, good thinking, while irrational thinking is bad. However, recently, philosophers have raised several. My own analysis of emotion, first published, questioned the marked divide between emotions and rationality, insisted that we reject the established notion that emotions are involuntary, and argued, in a brief slogan, that “Emotions are judgments Since then, although the specific term “judgment” has been the subject of considerable criticism. The epistemology of Descartes. First published on Wednesday, substantial revision on Monday. Ren Descartes (1596-1650) is widely considered a key figure in the founding of modern philosophy. His notable contributions extend to mathematics and physics. In Aquinas's theory of emotions, emotions or “passiones,” as they are called in Latin, are rooted in a broader psychological framework. These are characteristics or acts of so-called appetitiveness. powers. Unlike the powers of apprehension, which make a being cognitively apprehend something, the appetitive powers make a being strive to attain something; 1. Aims and methods of moral philosophy. The most fundamental goal of moral philosophy, and therefore also of Groundwork, is, according to Kant, to "search" for the founding principle of a "metaphysics of morality", which Kant understands as a system of a priori moral principles which apply the IC to human persons of all times and all cultures; The natural law tradition in ethics. First published on Monday, substantial revision on Sunday. “Natural law theory” is a label that has been applied to theories of ethics, political theories, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality. We will only be interested in ethical theories of natural laws: while such. Bibliography Primary sources. Kant's works are cited by volume and page numbers from the Akademie de Kants edition gesammelte Schriften Berlin, 1902 - The only exception is the Critique of Pure Reason, cited by the standard pagination A and B respectively of the first edition of 1781 and the second edition of 1787. The bases are printed,