In educational research and policy, much attention is paid to schools, programs, and teachers, but little attention is paid to student characteristics. The differences in general cognitive abilities are. This article examines the effects of standardized testing and the publication of academic achievement data on the low reading performance of immigrant and non-immigrant students in OECD countries. The article aims to test hypotheses derived from a principal-agent framework. According to this theoretical perspective, standardized, They indicate to what extent a method, a technique. or the test measures something. Reliability concerns the consistency of a measurement and validity concerns the accuracy of a measurement.opt. It is important to consider reliability and validity when you create your research design, plan your methods, and report your findings, especially in. 7. Comparability of student scores from paper and computer administrations Oregon Department of Education, 2007 This state-level comparability study focused on mathematics and reading. But if testing is not used as a way to support Black neighborhoods, students, and families by providing solutions to structural inequities, it will only facilitate the epidemic of racism.